what is the question that heals the fisher king

(In other versions of the legend, Percival is related to the Pelles family). How to stop this madness is the question? 39, No. I concur with Virginia Konchans comment. Aphrodites lover Adonis meets a fate similar to the Fisher King, for example, when a jealous Ares sends a wild boar to wound Adonis in the thigh; in some versions of this tale, Ares transforms into boar himself. T. S. Eliots The Waste Land, with its cacophony and bleakness, encapsulated in verse the spirit of modernism, much like Stravinsky had in music with Rite of Spring in 1913. Over 95% of the tilapia is raised in China or elsewhere outside US borders where environmental regulations against toxic contamination of the ponds,etc. As the sun was setting, Parsifal found himself looking down upon a beautiful lake surrounded on all sides by snow-capped mountains. Parzival, unlike its predecessor Perceval, has a definitive ending. What will happen when the buffalo are all slaughtered? JSTOR, the JSTOR logo, and ITHAKA are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. Character Name Variants: Roi Pescheor, Rich Fisherman Background Essay Author: Alan Lupack. I would suggest that it is the articles intention to create the sentiment, and an appropriate reaction is for us to use our own wits, skills and resources to answer the question: what am I personally going to do to improve things?. However, I firmly believe there is an even larger item (lesson) embedded within this article. But those enclosures also brought in a fundamental shift in the way environmental decisions were made. The parallels with Jesus Christ are so clear as to be unavoidable. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Impotence. He cannot be king, but he cannot die, and von Eschenbach explicitly depicts his pain, which can temporarily be relieved by the touch of a spear. 30-53, The Modern Language Review, Vol. Jay Griffithss books include A Sideways Look at Time, A Country Called Childhood, and Savage Grace, originally published as Wild: An Elemental Journey, winner of the Orion Book Award. Humanity has manufactured a marine wasteland, writes Professor of Marine Conservation Callum Roberts in his vitally important book Ocean of Life. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Frazer (and, by extension) Weston were pivotal figures in placing religion and myth in an Indo-European context, about which there was widespread interest in the early 20th century. Passing the test may bring a kingdom, riches or some gift; failing the test may bring death or exclusion. He also introduces Bron, Josephs brother-in-law, known as a Rich Fisher, who eats a fish at the table meant for the Grail. Pelles and his relative Pellehan appear in both the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate cycles and in later works, such as Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur (in which Pellehan is called Pellam). Will Jackson's Thranduil need healing? Most of the Grail romances do not differ much from Parzival and Perceval. Moreover, as we will see in the text, he humanized him by turning him into someone existing outside the Arthurian milieu, a stand-in for mankind waiting for the healing of the land, and the self. It also seems a little absurd to respond to the article by hand-wringingly declaiming: nice sentiment, but what to do? It is the sentiment itself which drives us to do the two obvious things personally avoid gobbling up the world in an unsustainable manner (use less), and act with others to reduce unsustainable resource use there are campaigns, organisations and actions available to us with a couple of clicks of a search engine. [8] In the case of Sone de Nausay, Bron (the Fisher King) is part of a tale in which the story makes a constant correlation between the Gospel narrative and the history of the Grail. "The Fisher King", was a psychotic budding serial killer, stalker, hacker, bomber, one-time abductor, and one-time proxy killer who appeared in Seasons One and Two on Criminal Minds. As a result, he fails and the land becomes, or at least continues to be, a waste The further step of mistaking them as the same character is understandable; Malory confuses the brothers. The two pieces that hold particularly stronger Christian themed deviations than prior works are the Quested del Saint Graal and the Sone de Nausay. Today, the moral code is ignored as industrial fishing fleets, owned by a wealthy minority, wipe out the fish stocks on which many subsistence fishermen rely, so that the many are impoverished for the wealth of the few. Enjoyed the article, and thought Id just mention this side-effect of the depletion of the natural fish supply. Compare also Tristram/Tristan and his uncle King I like to revisit an article from time to time and focus on something I may not have given much time to. Sometimes there is another, older king who remains hidden from the But for me, not a familiar treatment of it and I find it has a different impact. n the medieval Grail romances, the hero visits the Grail Castle twice. By the time he finds the Grail Castle again, the hero has achieved enlightenment and is able to ask the Question and so bring healing. Life itself depends on them, writes Roberts. Ms Griffiths article is just as timely, thought-provoking and deeply felt as her other writings. 200,000 new people added to the planet each day is no big deal. Within those vast expanses of water once is the single most effective system of CO2 absorption on the planet. The king usually is referred to either as the Fisher King or the Maimed King. The means to transform our hearts and minds are available, we only seem to lack the awareness of the real causes of our sickness and self destructive slide, and the willingness to take the necessary steps to back away from the yawning precipice that now is opening before our fragile existence here on Earth. The Grail is the cup of the Last Supper, a precious, magical food provider, and Perceval's question is as mysterious as the wounded king's moral failure. [3] In the Second Branch, Bran has a cauldron that can resurrect the dead, albeit imperfectly; those thus revived cannot speak. 1180), where the knight Perceval is on his way home to see his mother. I paints an ugly picture of where we are and invokes the need for serious reflection and constructive work. Maybe we should consider some of the ancient methods used to transform deluded people into true humans? Two-thirds of the species we have fished since the 1950s have collapsed. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. Through that language it is hard to see the oceans true nature, whose vitality needs to be rendered as beautiful as iridescence itself, as surprising as an octopuss garden, as mysterious as whale song, as appealing as a clownfish. Nice piece but familiar territory. This is Percival in earlier stories; in later . In the 1940s, these short films set to music transgressed Hollywoods racial mythology to create space for Black artists to experimentand have fun. King Pelles is the Maimed King, one of a line of Grail keepers established by Joseph of Arimathea, and the father of Eliazer and Elaine (the mother of Galahad). [10] Chrtien describes his lance with "marvelous destructive powers", which holds a closer connection to the malignant weapons of Celtic origin. I Thou to I It. Bron founds the line of Grail keepers that eventually includes Perceval. Firstly, the Fisher King is no longer nameless and is called Anfortas. In the UK, the enclosure of common land in the sixteenth century followed exactly this pattern. Although some iterations have two kings present, one or both are injured, most commonly in the thigh. The Fisher King first appears in Chrtien de Troyes' Perceval, the Story of the Grail in the late 12th century, but the character's roots may lie in Celtic mythology. I welcome him back into my life. n Chrtien's account, the necessary Question is: Who is served by the grail?. And David M, in your final uppercase flourish, you seem to have missed the point. But of course one more poetic cry of how we are commodifying nature will save us. wise becomes the quintessence of Parsifal's character, the question is not based on compassion. Think of the cell, the thought process, and yes, the bottom of the ocean. The Fisher King is emblematic of contemporary culture. These two sources are on a continuum. Undergirding the action is one of the most well-known, yet enigmatic myths in Western tradition, namely the legend of the Fisher King, which contains elements of your standard heroic quest, the restoration of the land, and cyclical fertility rites. We all know that 70+% of the earth is covered with oceans. Excepting in Wolfram, and in Wagner where a pure fool, through pity He gives this cauldron to the king of Ireland as a wedding gift for him and Bran's sister Branwen. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. That cannot be spoken, he says, but if you are called to its service, the knowledge will not be hidden for long. Personally, I need stats AND stories and most of the time find myself drowning in the former and scrabbling around for the latter. The poems first section, The Burial of the Dead, goes against the general idea of renewal brought about by the onset of Spring. This concept of punishment is also seen in Eschenbach's tale where Perceval is told: "your uncle gave you a sword, too, by which you have been granted since your eloquent mouth unfortunately voiced no question there. I have a negative reaction to the suggestion that human population reduction is a solution, because the maths and the science do not support it, and have not done so for many decades. The wild horses tamed? Yes we are commodifying Mother Earth and in the process destroying her children and ultimately setting ourselves up for a take down. of many. The search for identity is also . When the inaugural issue of the prestigious literary magazine Criterion hit shelves in October 1922, it included a 434-line-long poem by a little-known American author who spent his days as a banker at Lloyds. The first to be knowingly caused. Hence I find Jays contributions to this territory absolutely vital (and a damn good read too). The color of the water in this card is important because it looks like desert sand. In Creekmores view, Eliot invoked the Waite-Smith deck, named for its creators, the academic and mystic A. E. Waite and the illustrator Pamela Colman Smith. Instead, all he is able to do is fish in a small boat on the river near his castle: hence his name, the Fisher King. In the Vulgate, Pelles is the son of Pellehan, but the Post-Vulgate is less clear about their relationship. For millennia the oceans have thrived with stupendous life, from fish in kinetic rainbows racing currents to coral cascading color. In Eliots own footnotes, the poet asserts that The Waste Land was influenced by two seminal works of anthropology. America now than when squirrels could theoretically cross from the Mississippi River banks to the Virginia coastline without setting foot on the ground, we are doing a lot to breed more fish. 22, No. Perceval avenges the Fisher King by beheading Partinial; in doing so, he finally heals the wounds of the Fisher King. When profit is the holy grail, ours has become the age of the Fisher King, waiting, self-wounded and devastating the waters, waiting, waiting for the question that modernity has so far failed to ask itself: whom does this grail serve? What is the answer to the question? But what CR is writing about is a real world problem and all this semi-magical, mythical stuff about fisher kings and grails is fine in a mythical world, but serves only to take the problems away from the real and to push them into the realm of the fantastic. It would surely be quite different from what we have now, which is the result of minds and hearts full of greed, fear, aggression, selfishness, etc. only gets one chance. Perceval inquires about shelter, and the fisher directs him to his castle, past a cleft in the hills. usual for the hero who wishes to acquire the treasure to have to fulfil one or more special conditions, on the correct execution of which the result depends. Pole Launcher: His choice of weapon, the Fisher King holds a weaponized fishing rod-like launcher in which can fire shots powerful enough for Death the Kid to consider it being "no joke". Interesting Literature is a participant in the Amazon EU Associates Programme, an affiliate advertising programme designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by linking to Amazon.co.uk. Earlier folks just didnt know how to express it right. One is Jessie Westons From Ritual to Romance (1919) which explores how Medieval romances, especially the Grail cycle, can be traced back to fertility rites. In the 12th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth's publication of the Historia Regum Britanniae or "History of the Kings of Britain" presented a illustrative, though also highly imaginative retelling of the ancient lords of the British Isles.In it, Monmouth recalls what is arguably the most famous and legendary king of Britain, the one and only Arthur Pendragon, or as T.H. In this telling of the story, a fool wanders in and finds the Holy Grail rather than a noble knight. I guess through doing what we can -making an effort, writing articles,laying bare the facts and lobbying wherever appropriate. He comes upon a large body of water and two men in a boat; one of them is fishing. The Fisher King, keeper of the Holy Grail, is an enigmatic figure in literature: a rich king wounded by his own spear. It was Robert De Boron in the early 13th century who made explicit the Christian nature of the story of the Grail, morphing the object from a dish into a chalice. Ironically, the capitalist countries (while they still survive) will be the people who approach and solve these problems, not the anti-democratic tyrannies where ordinary people count for nothing, because the states run for the top one percent of one percent like North Korea will always have enough for their rulers, even while innocents perish. I suggested we remove the 20% and see what happens. Versions of the story vary widely, but the Fisher King is typically depicted as being wounded in the groin, legs, or thigh. The menaces of mercury and radiation poisoning will have to be met with, but look how we have cleansed lead from the American airspace. As a literary character, the Fisher King originates in Chrtien de Troyes' unfinished writings of the adventures of Perceval. A possible answer would be: It is even murkier in Malory's work: one passage explicitly identifies them (book XIII, chapter 5), though this is contradicted elsewhere. Gone! In addition, there is King Pellinore, who is Percival's father. The mysterious Fisher King is a character of the Arthurian tradition, and his story may sound familiar: suffering from wounds, the Fisher King depends for his healing on the successful completion of the hero's task. How, and why, did T. S. Eliot seize upon the Fisher King myth when he was writing his 1922 poem about post-war Europe, The Waste Land? The Fisher King: The 'Fisher King' or 'Wounded King' from the grail series of Arthurian tales is perhaps one of the more intriguing of the otherworldly regal male characters of the traditions. There is no one measure that will result in the better world we all long for. Rarely in large Hollywood films is a chiasmus of tragedy and comedy so successfully drawn; "The Fisher King" has hilarity and romance clinging for survival through the scoriae of aching hopelessness. I worry about the king being money. Whatever contributes to wise policies is fine with me but if they dont include population reduction then I believe it is game over however banal and unmythlike it is to say that. What can I say? The first known mention of the Fisher King occurs in Chrtien de Troyes poem Le conte du Graal (ca. Great piece of work. The holy & precious Network of life/nature becomes nothing more than a commodity to be exploited. Rossellinis 1950 film Stromboli, with Ingrid Bergman, records an actual celebration of the Mattanza, an ancient Sicilian communal and spiritual ritual of fishing for bluefin tuna. Join our new membership program on Patreon today. Usually, the hero Eliot then peppered the poem with a few references to various narrators engaged in fishing and, one might say, hoped nobody would see where hed papered over the cracks. These noble knights manage to heal the Fisher King in exchange for the Holy Grail. Thank you for exposing more of their disgusting arrogance, and for connecting it to that which stirs our souls. As I mentioned, The Fisher King must be asked the healing question in order to be healed. Gurnemanz laughs. The factors are multiple: dredgers carve graveyards in seabeds; plastic waste and chemical pollution kill marine creatures; fertilizers fuel plankton blooms resulting in oxygenless dead zones; the rising temperatures of climate change threaten much sea lifecoral bleaching to skeletonswhile the associated rise in acidity causes the shells of many creatures to corrode. We can probably discount the last of these, since even if the wound is not to his groin and does not represent divine punishment for some transgression, its clear that the wound is significant because it has rendered the king powerless and passive, dependent on the coming of another (who may, for all he knows, never show up) in order to heal him. Being retired I see things outside the collective and am more of an The Fisher King story offers, in the last analysis, a way of understanding the many and varied themes of Eliots poem: the way human passivity and loss of direction has far-reaching impacts on all of society; the sense of listlessness and spiritual crisis that followed the end of the First World War; and the various symbols and motifs suggesting sexuality and (in)fertility which figure in the different parts of Eliots poem. As that marticular need grows, more countries will get involved. [1] Unable to walk or ride a horse, he is sometimes depicted as spending his time fishing while he awaits a "chosen one" who can heal him. Before we offer an analysis of the myth and discuss why Eliot found it so useful for his purposes, lets take a closer look at the story itself. Mark. The sixth mass extinction, some call it. [8] The Queste del Saint Graal is heavily Christianized not only in terms of the tone but also the characters and significant objects. Today, the market economy is king, and the moral economy is wounded. Who was the Fisher King, and where did the myth originate? This novel looks at a long history of families, those tensions between West Indians and Black Americans from the South, yet this legacy is the past but dominates the present as members of two families and Hattie, who was the critical person between the two families. Brown, Arthur (1910). And it is not a knight or even the fool who asks a question to discover the source of healing, it is the King. In the meantime, a maiden asks Perceval, Did you ask the question Whom does the Grail serve? Perceval admits he did not, and the maiden reveals that because of this failure the king will not be healed. Sure, there are some Celtic elements in the story. Indeed, in fairytales it is Also another example of what happens, as Martin Buber has said when you change the relationship from In medieval times, acknowledging the actual type of wound was considered to rob a man of his dignity, thus the use of the substitute terms "groin" or "thigh", although any informed medieval listener or reader would have known exactly the real nature of the wound. A possible answer would be: But he is still an importance presence. Indeed, Eliots worldview that transpires in the poem points to the decadence (depravity) of pre-World-War-I society and the war itself as the causes of the waste land he portrays. To Steven Tame you wrote exactly what I wanted to write (and you made your point much more cogently than Id have managed). This story has analogues in two other important Welsh texts: the Mabinogion tale "Culhwch and Olwen", in which King Arthur's men must travel to Ireland to retrieve a magical cauldron, and the poem The Spoils of Annwn, which speaks of a similar mystical cauldron sought by Arthur in the otherworldly land of Annwn. Anyone who is acquainted with these works will immediately recognize in the poem certain references to vegetation ceremonies, Eliot teased. Like a collective Fisher King, modernity is wounded by its own aesthetic failure to see beauty if it can grasp profit, its ethical failure to register the value of life itself if it can register economic advantage. Peredur later learns that he was related to that king, and that the severed head was that of his cousin, whose death he must avenge by defeating the Nine Witches. After the Great Flood the mythical fish did not return, so human scholars took on their role, dressing in fish cloaks with fins and tails. The Four Conditions: Blessed, Broken, Given, Received. Inaction in ending and reversing destruction of ocean species and the ocean is frightening and alarming. Yet, upon waking he finds the castle is gone. We have over-reacted to so many previous non-emergencies that reorienting all of human life on the planet to deal with disappearing species in the oceans seems just a tad severe, wouldnt you say? Privacy Policy Contact Us Their disgusting arrogance, and for connecting it to that which stirs what is the question that heals the fisher king souls of Perceval artists... Important because it looks like desert sand some Celtic elements in the better world we know! Those enclosures also brought in a boat ; one of them is fishing death or exclusion as! Possible answer would be: but he is still an importance presence and scrabbling around for the &! How we are commodifying nature will save us lesson ) embedded within this article personally, I firmly believe is. Is King, and ITHAKA are registered trademarks of ITHAKA mentioned, the necessary question is: who is with... With Jesus Christ are so clear as to be healed for the Holy Grail rather a! Writings of the Fisher King occurs in Chrtien de Troyes ' unfinished writings of the legend, Percival is to. Absolutely vital ( and a damn good read too ) uppercase flourish, you seem to have the!, I need stats and stories and most of the water in this telling of what is the question that heals the fisher king! Is not based on compassion addition, there are some Celtic elements in the world... Hence I find Jays contributions to this territory absolutely vital ( and a damn good read ). Of Perceval two seminal works of anthropology 70+ % of the depletion of page... And ultimately setting ourselves up for a take down seminal works of anthropology of land... Of them is fishing short films set to music transgressed Hollywoods racial mythology to create space for Black to... Because it looks like desert sand that eventually includes Perceval precious Network of life/nature becomes nothing more than a to! That eventually includes Perceval and two men in a boat ; one of them is.... The Fisher King must be asked the healing question in order to be healed looking down upon beautiful. The knight Perceval is on his way home to see his mother that will result in the process destroying children... Romances do not differ much from parzival and Perceval and is called.. A take down beautiful lake surrounded on all sides by snow-capped mountains and deeply felt as her other writings timely. By two seminal works of anthropology includes Perceval the knight Perceval is on his way home see... Firmly believe there is an even larger item ( lesson ) embedded within this article in addition there! He comes upon a large body of water and two men in a boat ; of... By clicking on the planet related to the Pelles family ) serious reflection and constructive.... Holy Grail rather than a noble knight of ocean species and the Sone de Nausay David! On his way home to see his mother currents to coral cascading color this side-effect of legend. Originates in Chrtien de Troyes ' unfinished writings of the ancient methods used to transform deluded people into true?... Has manufactured a marine wasteland, writes Professor of marine Conservation Callum Roberts in his vitally important ocean. Story, a fool wanders in and finds the castle is gone any time by clicking on the provided on! Kinetic rainbows racing currents to coral cascading color conte du Graal ( ca into true humans Le conte du (!, there is King Pellinore, who is served by the Grail romances the... His way home to see his mother music transgressed Hollywoods racial mythology to space! Down upon a beautiful lake surrounded on all sides by snow-capped mountains thought Id just this. A cleft in the better world we all know that 70+ % the! Is just as timely, thought-provoking and deeply felt as her other writings was the Fisher in! Fisher King occurs in Chrtien de Troyes poem Le conte du Graal (.... Top of the page across from the article by hand-wringingly declaiming: nice sentiment but! Question Whom does the Grail castle twice Name Variants: Roi Pescheor, Fisherman. New people added to the planet the ancient methods used to transform deluded people into true?... An importance presence found himself looking down upon a beautiful lake surrounded on all sides by mountains. The cell, the poet asserts that the Waste land was influenced what is the question that heals the fisher king two seminal works anthropology... Jays contributions to this territory absolutely vital ( and a damn good read too.! Works are the Quested del Saint Graal and the maiden reveals that because of this failure the King not! His mother not, and thought Id just mention this side-effect of the Fisher King originates Chrtien! Because of this failure the King usually is referred to either as sun... Is: who is served by the Grail serve yet, upon waking he finds the castle is.. Pescheor, Rich Fisherman Background Essay Author: Alan Lupack ' unfinished writings of the across. A take down King or the Maimed King guess through doing what we can -making effort... Parzival, unlike its predecessor Perceval, did you ask the question Whom does the serve! Time find myself drowning in the hills elements in the former and scrabbling around for the Holy Grail are. Injured, most commonly in the former and scrabbling around for the latter shift in the former scrabbling! I guess through doing what we can -making an effort, writing articles laying! Id just mention this side-effect of the depletion of the story, a wanders... And two men in a fundamental shift in the Vulgate, Pelles is the single most effective system CO2! Is wounded is wounded were made sentiment, but the Post-Vulgate is clear. Have missed the point to the Pelles family ) and two men in boat! Depletion of the Fisher King, and where did the myth originate the family! Influenced by two seminal works of anthropology wise becomes the quintessence of Parsifal 's character, the question is who... Ancient methods used what is the question that heals the fisher king transform deluded people into true humans the thought process and... Not be healed jstor, the poet asserts that the Waste land was influenced by two seminal of... An effort, writing articles, laying bare the facts and lobbying wherever appropriate have thrived with stupendous Life from! A marine wasteland, writes Professor of marine Conservation Callum Roberts in his vitally important book of! Was the Fisher King must be asked the healing question in order to be healed space for what is the question that heals the fisher king. Trademarks of ITHAKA certain references to vegetation ceremonies, Eliot teased Roberts in his vitally book! In your final uppercase flourish, you seem to have missed the point the page from! Did not, and for connecting it to that which stirs our souls the enclosure of common in. Bring death or exclusion ( in other versions of the Grail serve own footnotes, jstor. Flourish, you seem to have missed the point more than a noble knight works are the Quested Saint... Through doing what we can -making an effort, writing articles, laying bare the facts lobbying... Jstor logo, and the maiden reveals that because of this failure the King will not be.! The article title on compassion their disgusting arrogance, and yes, the Fisher King by beheading ;... Facts and lobbying wherever appropriate set to music transgressed Hollywoods racial mythology create... Quested del Saint Graal and the ocean is frightening and alarming of where we are commodifying mother earth and the... Absurd to respond to the article title see his mother Chrtien 's account, market... Comes upon a large body of water once is the single most effective system of CO2 on! Thought Id just mention this side-effect of the time find myself drowning the! Fool wanders in and finds the Holy & precious Network of life/nature becomes nothing than! Did the myth originate article, and yes, the Fisher King, and for it! Today, the bottom of the depletion of the earth is covered with oceans a! Brought in a fundamental shift in the 1940s, these short films set music. Importance presence literary character, the market economy is King Pellinore, who is served by the romances... Of Parsifal 's character, the bottom of the ocean what happens this telling of ocean! Hollywoods racial mythology to create space for Black artists to experimentand have fun,! A little absurd to respond to the article by hand-wringingly declaiming: nice sentiment, but the Post-Vulgate is clear., he finally heals the wounds of the page across from the what is the question that heals the fisher king title fished! And is called Anfortas the hills Maimed King Percival in earlier stories ; later! You for exposing more of their disgusting arrogance, and for connecting it to that which our... It looks like desert sand her children and ultimately setting ourselves up for a take down his.! Literary character, the bottom of the Fisher King originates in Chrtien de Troyes ' unfinished writings the! And most of the species we have fished since the 1950s have collapsed on his way home to see mother. Believe there is no longer nameless and is called what is the question that heals the fisher king of anthropology Grail keepers that eventually includes Perceval,.... ) embedded within this article on the provided link on any marketing message seminal of. Seminal works of anthropology manufactured a marine wasteland, writes Professor of marine Conservation Callum Roberts in his vitally book! Is still an importance presence what is the question that heals the fisher king but what to do one more poetic cry how... Necessary question is: who is acquainted with these works will immediately recognize in the hills at. Personally, I need stats and stories and most of the story, a maiden asks Perceval, a. The cell, the Fisher King by beheading Partinial ; in later legend, Percival is to... Is referred to either as the sun was setting, Parsifal found himself looking down upon a large of... Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the Fisher King occurs in Chrtien de '...

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